Glossary

Asset

A resource with economic value that an individual or company owns. For example: cash, bonds, property, machineries, and company shares.

Bond

A financial instrument that generates fixed amount of interest (coupon) to Bond Holders. Bond is usually issued by a Company to provide short-term and long-term financing to the Company to operate or grow.

Capital

Money used to start a business or an investment.

Capital Gain

The growth in value of the Capital after certain period of investment. 

Default

Inability of a Company to repay the debt owned to the banks or other creditors (e.g. suppliers) by the due date.

Dividend

Money paid to the Shareholders, generated from the Company’s profits in a certain financial year.

Equity

Investment in Assets, for the purpose of generating Returns.

Ex-Dividend Date

The date recorded of which a Shareholder must own the shares in order to be qualified for Dividend payment.

Inflation

Price increase of goods and services in an economy or country

Initial Public Offering (IPO)

Process of first-time offering or selling Company shares (e.g. 20% ownership) to individual (retail) or institutions.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR %)

A measure of an investment’s profitability in percentage (%)

Mutual Fund

A type of investment consisting of a mix of assets. Mutual fund is usually managed by a third party that requires commission from the Investors.

Net Present Value (NPV)

The sum of potential future cash flows generated from a capital investment at the first few years, taking into account discount rate.

Payback Period

The time period taken to recover 100% return of the capital.

Portfolio

A collection of equity investment held by an individual or a company.

Price to Earning Ratio  (PER)

The ratio of Company’s share price to the profit (per share) earned in the current / previous financial year. Typically, a stable and growing Company should have PER of between 10 and 20.

Price to Book Ratio (PBR)

The ratio of Company’s share price to the net asset (total asset minus total liability). Typically, a stable and growing Company should have PBR of between 1.0 and 3.0

Risk

Possibility of losing some portion or all money invested in an equity.

Share

A unit of capital, showing ownership of a Company.

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